Good Topics For Anthropology Research Paper

Great Topics For Anthropology Research PaperIf you are thinking about what the best subjects for human sciences explore paper are, you have likely glanced around on the web and saw an extremely enormous number of individuals connecting 'multiculturalism' to their examination themes. All things considered, it is actually no surprise.One of the greatest difficulties of looking into for your human sciences inquire about paper is discovering acceptable themes for your subject. You need to utilize a proper number of words however not one that make your exploration paper hard to peruse. Utilizing a wide term to clarify something that might be imperative to the subject you are inquiring about is a decent thing.When you are searching for acceptable points for your human studies explore paper, you will need to expound on any circumstances you see a distinction in the middle of a specific gathering and another gathering. There is in every case more than one factor to consider in these circumst ances. Try not to be reluctant to consider new ideas while talking about various gatherings and their encounters in your exploration paper.'Multiculturalism' is likely one of the simplest and most well known terms to connection to any point while doing your human studies examine paper. The media, the scholarly community, and the overall population have as of late become worried about how others see our general public and who is acclimatizing into our way of life. I imagine that a decent method to begin your examination is by considering these and different situations that may incorporate diversity.The reason that 'multiculturalism' is a well known theme to take a gander at is on the grounds that it is an umbrella term that covers an assortment of social issues. A few societies may not welcome certain others and the other way around so you might need to clarify this in your paper as well.Environmental factors have likewise been believed to influence this issue also. Consider how natu re and individuals living in the district where the examination is being done may affect the gatherings being referred to. This is regularly a lot simpler to clarify in view of a more extensive subject as opposed to with such a large number of little, explicit terms.One part of globalization that numerous social researchers are beginning to take a gander at in more profundity is social contrasts. They likewise note this is the motivation behind why such huge numbers of individuals can be acclimatized into a nation's way of life. Consider what they mean and how they may influence your exploration paper and how you might need to think of them as when you are composing it.So, when you are inquiring about for points for your human sciences look into paper, regardless of whether you pick multiculturalism or some other type of assorted variety, you need to think about which elements of the issues you research may help or hurt the last item. At the point when you do this, you will have the option to discover better approaches to depict the issues in your paper with the goal that it is more clear. At the point when you pick a theme that you believe is excessively explicit, it might be an exercise in futility and you will have burnt through your time investigating.

Find Out Whos Concerned About English Essay Topics for Class 12 Cbse and Why You Need to be Paying Attention

<h1> Find Out Who's Concerned About English Essay Topics for Class 12 Cbse and Why You Need to be Paying Attention </h1> <h2> Up in Arms About English Essay Topics for Class 12 Cbse? </h2> <p>Fear is something which we should figure out how to survive in the event that we might want to be effective throughout everyday life. A statement in the focal point of the discourse would in like manner be fine. People should see the significance of rest that is a help to us. </p> <p>My essential objective is to give delight to whoever understands me. The partial society is barbarous to such an extent that you'll be fiercely dealt with. The principle purpose behind this is it's fast and easy to get ready. The issue can be controlled if understudies figure out how to oversee outrage. </p> <h2> English Essay Topics for Class 12 Cbse</h2> <p>The primary reason for instruction isn't occupations, it isn't cash, it isn't innovative turn s of events, it isn't prominence and notoriety. The legislature, in any case, should offer inward security to the vacationers and improve the overall picture of India. It's in this manner of awesome advantage for understudies to deliver diverse system to prepare for the segments of low and higher weighatge. Irrefutably the most significant factor that the legislature should take a shot at is a forceful the travel industry publicizing technique. </p> <p>It's very advantageous for understudies to design a procedure about approaches to get ready and endeavor unmistakable segments in the best way. I love to visit school since I learn new things every day. My school is only one of the most notable schools around. It's chosen dependent on the schools and junior universities. </p> <h2> Top English Essay Topics for Class 12 Cbse Choices</h2> <p>When it respects load up tests no understudy wishes to leave any chance of getting the perfect outcome. The Japanese math device is known as the powerful exposition tips for highschool understudies. Vagupu has some of the best web coaches for Class 12. Vagupu has some of the best web coaches for CBSE class twelfth. </p> <p>It is the result of this test chooses their scholarly future, and consequently, it is very significant for them. In any case, in the event that you cling to a shrewd planning strategy to overhaul your total prospectus, at that point you are certainly ready to beat the strain and execute extraordinary in board tests. Board test has an amazingly impressive impact in an understudies life. The last test will be of 80 imprints. </p> <h2>What Does English Essay Topics for Class 12 Cbse Mean? </h2> <p>The complete length of the two sections will be between 1100 1200 words. At the point when you own a great deal of fluctuated focuses, it is best you pick a couple of best ones and form a line on each. It's conceivable you have such a large number of focuses or relatively few focuses. Underlining the essential focuses is very significant. </p> <p>Ensure you write in sections. First section comprises of 4 Multiple Choice Questions and 8 inquiries that are to be addressed quickly. Assuming there is any chance of this happening examine the inquiries given at the finish of the sonnet or chapter.</p> <h2>The Foolproof English Essay Topics for Class 12 Cbse Strategy </h2> <p>Notice is an official correspondence to show data to a specific classification or gathering of people. Its language is direct and formal. To learn more visit CBSE site. Set up a proper banner featuring the issue. </p> <h2>The Ultimate Strategy for English Essay Topics for Class 12 Cbse </h2> <p>You ought to confine the utilization of contraptions promptly preceding hitting the sack and these little advances will permit you to develop to be an ambitious person. For this, one should keep up an appropriate calendar and needs to hit the hay in time. It is presently the prerequisite of great importance to chec k the situation. Moreover, a great deal of cash is spent as philanthropic assistance, crisis advances and improvement help. </p> <p>The entry incorporates any of the ensuing. Utilization of statements is exceptionally exhorted. Similar holds for Phosphorus too. </p> <p>My school building is very extensive and dazzling. Inside along these lines the CBSE has attempted to limit the time of the inquiry paper so all the applicants can endeavor the full paper in the specific time. Understudies are getting ready very hard to track down astounding imprints and in this way, to get not too bad rate all around. Understudies wishing to take a gander at their answer sheets may apply for this office. </p> <p>This schedule year, in contrast with earlier decades, the outcomes were out ahead of schedule, incorporating compartment along with revaluation benefits. Statements might be utilized at the time of beginning or as a consummation explanation. In this understudies need to put their move number in the case to affirm their outcomes. </p> <h2> The Good, the Bad and English Essay Topics for Class 12 Cbse </h2> <p>Activity Here are two or three points for paper composing. Side interests are leisure time interests. Plan a fitting banner. </p> <p>Physics is among the huge subjects for science understudies. So beneath we've given the previous year English Communicative Sample Paper. Modem age is better alluded to as the Science Age. Science truly can do some incredible things however just as long as it's appropriately used. </p>

Custom Frame Writing Pad - What You Need to Know Before Buying One

<h1>Custom Frame Writing Pad - What You Need to Know Before Buying One</h1><p>A custom edge composing cushion can be an incredible expansion to your portfolio. They can flaunt your abilities and thoughts with each appearance they make on the dividers of any meeting room or meeting room. To get one, you should ensure that you have picked the right casing shading. It isn't in every case simple to realize how to approach this yet with a little research it is possible.</p><p></p><p>There are a few alternatives accessible and they are anything but difficult to track down on the off chance that you need a white foundation, green or a dark casing. When you have chosen the casing hues you are searching for then the time has come to get some answers concerning what sort of material the casing is produced using. Recall that the nature of the edge and material will decide to what extent they last and furthermore how splendid they appear.</p><p& gt;</p><p>The sort of material that a casing is produced using ought to be checked as the initial step. Since such a significant number of various materials are accessible for a casing, this is a significant factor to consider before making the buy. Edges produced using plastic can be harming to nature. They might be substantial and fragile and break effectively, which will make them fall apart rapidly. Edge materials, for example, wood are normally lighter and more pliable.</p><p></p><p>Next you should consider the paper size. A few edges are of bigger sizes than others. Notwithstanding the paper size you will likewise need to consider the nature of the paper that is utilized in the frame.</p><p></p><p>Finally you have to consider the sort of casing you are searching for. There are a few kinds of casings accessible to browse. A portion of the alternatives incorporate support outlines, outline embeds, grouped casings and ot hers.</p><p></p><p>It is a smart thought to investigate the various sorts of plans accessible before making your buy. You will see that the choice of browsing a variety of plans will build the estimation of your item. The notoriety of such plans has expanded throughout the years and now everybody needs to have one of these edges to outline their writing.</p><p></p><p>If you can't discover the style of casing that you need then you might need to attempt a portion of the edges that are accessible on the web. A significant number of the accessible structures are not at the nearby stores however on the web. The benefit of purchasing on the web is that you can set aside some cash by following through on a similar cost for the item yet without investing any additional energy heading off to the store.</p><p></p><p>Learning the rudiments of confining can truly be an important information to have when you are in a situat ion to pick which edge is best for your requirements. Regardless of whether you are intending to utilize the thing for an extraordinary occasion or only for a limited time reason, a custom edge composing cushion is an incredible speculation. It will give your composed substance a lovely appearance and your organization an appealing presence.</p>

What You Dont Know About Research Papers on the Digestive System

<h1> What You Don't Know About Research Papers on the Digestive System </h1> <h2>The Birth of Research Papers on the Digestive System </h2> <p>Its use is amazingly limited. Extra data in regards to the Centers can be situated on the general Digestive Diseases Research Core Centers site together with on the individual habitats' sites. While you probably won't consider your stomach related framework commonly, you're utilizing it all the occasion. Look at these incredible stomach related framework realities for kids! </p> <p>The focal hole of the tooth is made of dentin The front of the tooth is known as the crown The bit of the tooth that stretches out underneath the gums is known as the root 15. Finally, the remainder of the waste items are discharged from the body by means of the rectum and rear-end. The absolute first gathering is the organs which make up the nutritious channel. Incredibly, just the smell of magnificent grub can make your mo uth start to water! </p> <h2> The 30-Second Trick for Research Papers on the Digestive System </h2> <p>The stomach related framework is significant and imperative for our bodies to work appropriately. Teeth, which are a piece of the skeletal framework, have a fundamental influence in processing. The stomach related framework has significant pieces and frill segments. To upgrade a child's processing it's significant to adhere to certain tips for the more beneficial stomach related framework which will help their body's entrance to supplements. </p> <p>Bile fills two essential needs. Microscopic organisms use a few frameworks to get supplements from various creatures in the situations. Absorption is a mind boggling process constrained by numerous features. </p> <p>Hence, as and whenever the situation allows, it is emphatically prescribed to expend organic products together with the external skin for extra medical advantages. There are a lot of sicknesses that sway the stomach related framework. It is fundamental to the wellbeing and health of people as it is the primary component that gives regular vitality expected to deduction and development. To ensure your stomach related framework performs ideally, you need to keep stomach related prosperity. </p> <p>Therefore it is fundamental to grasp the constitution before starting the treatment. Not many are content with their own special physical state. The fundamental field of stoutness the board depends on this basic truth. You'll find out about various employments of your stomach related framework inside this exercise. </p> <h2> Where to Find Research Papers on the Digestive System </h2> <p>Your medicinal services supplier may likewise encourage you to have an upper endoscopy to take a gander at the inside of the stomach. Most of the assimilation of food happens in the small digestive system that is the longest part of the GI tract. It is pushed through the throat and into the stomach by methods for a progression of constrictions called peristalsis. On the off chance that you have serious assaults that repeat much of the time, you may require medical procedure to kill the sick segment of your colon.</p> <p>The liver is arranged in the stomach area and performs numerous capacities. The throat is ordinarily thought of as the throat, bringing about the stomach. In extreme examples, treatment for ulcerative colitis may include medical procedure to take out the colon. Fennel seeds help in dispensing with acid reflux. </p> <h2> New Questions About Research Papers on the Digestive System </h2> <p>Because acid reflux is such a wide term, it assists with offering your primary care physician with an exact portrayal of the uneasiness you are experiencing. Most of individuals don't care to examine it, however having a gastrointestinal issue isn't phenomenal. The stomach is an incredibly huge part the stomach related framework, it's the home of the entirety of the mushed up food. It can stretch and hold as much as 4 pounds of food at once. </p> <p>While my sixth grade little girl is really the one taking the program, my second grade child got in the exercises we did for the most part because of the gross perspective. Endeavor to plan your dinners with the end goal that you're eating simultaneously every day. Also, you can drink 15-20 minutes before your feast or roughly 40-45 minutes following your dinner. Inside seconds you should start to feel the wafer start to break down. </p> <p>An acidic condition is required for the assimilation that happens in the stomach. Help your stomach related framework stay solid by drinking a great deal of water and eating a healthy eating regimen. The technique for assimilation looks simple and simple yet there are a couple of people that have complexities with processing food. When you swallow your food, the act of absorption begins. </p> <p>Your colon is a basic segment of your stomach related prosperity, and ensures that you don't lose an over the top measure of water during the absorption technique. Processing begins with the mouth. It gets the supplements out of the food. Compound Digestion Chemical processing contains catabolism of the easiest substance constituents. </p>

Persuasive Essay Topics for Seventh Grade

<h1>Persuasive Essay Topics for Seventh Grade</h1><p>Writing powerful articles can be an overwhelming errand for understudies in eighth grade. Some of the time the composing is simply excessively enormous and complex to compose on a basic theme. This is the motivation behind why you have to get proficient assistance from somebody who realizes how to get the point across obviously. The following are some influential exposition subjects that seventh graders may discover useful.</p><p></p><p>By far, powerful article themes for seventh graders incorporate the accompanying. Any of these subjects will demonstrate accommodating with regards to moving the point over. These are a portion of the primary thoughts that seventh graders will discover helpful when composing articles in eighth grade.</p><p></p><p>Fourth Graders like to expound on their preferred subject. Perusing is a major piece of school and ought to be spoken to al so. 6th graders will love to utilize their preferred book and read to their companions or even the educator. The book that they read can be utilized to delineate why perusing is such something imperative. The image may fill in as an approach to get over a point, or a particular lesson.</p><p></p><p>Creative scholars are generally attracted to this subject since they need to exhibit their insight about something. Eighth graders can introduce data that is intriguing and attempt to show perusers why they should focus on what they need to state. This could be an incredible method to advance the book or the educator that the understudy is reading.</p><p></p><p>It may appear to be confused, however seventh graders truly appreciate expounding on themselves. They love to recount stories and offer individual encounters with others. An influential exposition would need to manage issues that identify with confidence, or some close to home issue t hat the understudy is managing with.</p><p></p><p>Students in ninth graders are keen on sports. Expounding on sports can give a way to advance a group, or advance some new game. It is likewise simple to get a peruser to think about the games that the understudy is playing.</p><p></p><p>Creative scholars in seventh graders regularly want to investigate occasions that occurred some time in the past. In eighth grade, understudies are continually finding out about various aspects of history and how things were before. This can be an approach to get over the historical backdrop of a particular occasion and permit the peruser to perceive what amount has changed over time.</p><p></p><p>Persuasive paper themes for seventh graders are plenteous. Their themes go from issues to triumphs. With the simple accessibility of data on the Internet, seventh graders ought not have an issue discovering subjects that they will apprec iate composing about.</p>

Using Sample Accuplacer Essay Topics

Using Sample Accuplacer Essay TopicsSample Accuplacer essay topics for students in high school can be used to outline the process of learning how to write an effective essay. There are a number of reasons for using them, and it helps to understand them if you are hoping to impress your writing teachers or superiors at your chosen college.Before we go into the details of the strategies to be used, it is important to first explain why the written word is of such immense importance in your high school classroom and individual classroom situation. You must understand that your written communication with your classmates and teachers is your means of sharing information with them that they might not otherwise learn by experience, observation, or listening. It is this constant interaction that allows your classmates to understand what you understand about life, relationships, and the world at large.Some of the more popular sample essay topics include essay topics regarding the structure of the written word, depending on whether it is written as an essay, report, thesis, thesis statement, argument, question, etc. Each of these has their own characteristics that should be examined before using them. Additionally, the topic should also reflect the intended audience of the essay.For example, if the student intends to use it to reach an academic perspective on a subject, then the use of the topic is encouraged. However, if the goal is to reach the wider public, or even an industry audience, then there are other options. Because of this, you must be mindful of the intended audience when selecting the topic for your essay.Another key aspect of the sample essay topics is that they allow the writer's style to reflect. A student who is good at writing and who loves to express themselves verbally may find that the writing style will be most suited to their style, and there are many writers who are good at this, while others do not enjoy this style. This is another reason that th e writing teacher should be consulted before using them.Sample Accuplacer essay topics are great for utilizing when preparing for a test or examination and the topics they provide will give you ideas about how to go about them. If the student has been given the written assignment, then the professor should be consulted before the students take the test to get advice on which topics to use.When composing an essay, there are rules that are designed to make certain topic choices easier to write. A student should follow these guidelines when choosing the topic, but it is possible to include them anyway. One example is to use the topic as a jumping off point for developing their own idea.Sample Accuplacer essay topics are a great way to help students get the most out of their essays and they are available in both written format and audio format. Make sure you check out both options so that you can fully immerse yourself in the style and language of writing that you desire.

In many ways, Television has proved to be one of the worst...

Standard pieces of equipment in most homes, watching television has become a standard activity for most families. Although there are many excellent programs, many people think television is one of the worst inventions of modern times. All too often, television is harmful because of the shows it broadcasts, the effect it has on people, and the way it is used in homes. First, heavy TV viewing leads to poor school performance. Most television broadcasters show a variety of programs 24 hours a day, giving the viewers a 24-hour service. More time spent watching these shows is linked with poorer school performance overall and decreased scores on standardized tests. The more time spent in front of a television, the less time spent on homework or†¦show more content†¦Lets consider the future according to television and movies. Think of any movies you have seen or heard about that involve the future. What kind of future is portrayed? For instance, Independence Day - the world is attacked and almost annihilated by aliens, Water World - the world is flooded and the few survivors are floating around fighting each other, Starship Troopers - the world is attacked by bugs on another planet, Peace Maker / True Lies and many more - terrorists are about to destroy America or world. Is it any wonder that most kids do not think that the future is bright? Mo vies and television have such an emphasis on the dark side of life that hope is extinguished. Passive brains retain sensations, not information. There is no other experience in a childs life that permits so much passive intake while demanding so little active outflow as the experience of watching television. According to Jane Healy, PhD, It is well documented that heavy television watching has strong negative effects on the reading skills needed for high-level comprehension. It is not the content so much as the experience itself, and the experiences missed while watching, that pose serious dangers to the actual physiological development of a childs brain. Studies show that there is a direct inverse relationship between viewing time and performance on tests of language development: the children who viewed more television demonstrated lower languageShow MoreRelatedThe Disadvantages of Television819 Words   |  4 PagesIN MANY WAYS, TELEVISION HAS PROVED TO BE ONE OF THE WORST INVENTIONS OF MODERN TIMES. ALL TOO OFTEN, TELEVISION IS HARMFUL BECAUSE OF THE SHOWS IT BROADCASTS AND THE WAY IT IS USED IN THE HOME. Undoubtedly, television has millions of viewers in the world and thanks to its inventor Philo Farnsworth, a Utah-born genius that had coloured the world of modern technology. Nowadays, people use television as a mass of communication, to learn from how to style to how to make a bomb, to tie a good familyRead MoreFor Against by L.G. 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Materials Design Project Mix Design and Steel Selection

Question: Discuss about theMaterials Design Project forMix Design and Steel Selection. Answer: Introduction This report involves analyzing materials design of a 100m span steel arch bridge construction project. The main elements of the report include concrete mix design, steel selection and material specifications. This project is very informative and useful in engineering practice because it provides essential knowledge and skills on how to select suitable materials for different engineering applications. It helps in understand various factors to consider when selecting materials for a project and how material properties can be manipulated to improve these properties. Concrete Mix Design The concrete used in this project comprise of cement, coarse aggregates (gravel or broken stones), fine aggregates (sand) and water. The main difference in composition is cement. The available options are: flyash-cement and slag-cement. The concrete designed here will be reinforced with steel components. Some of the factors that have been considered when designing the two mixes include: the water-cement ratio has to be moderate; air content has to be moderate; permeability has to be low; ultimate strength has to be at least 40 MPa. These factors are among the most important ones when designing concrete mix for bridge construction (Xi, Shing and Xie, 2001). Flyash-cement mix design: The chosen fly-cement mix design is as follows: water: flyash-cement: fine aggregate: coarse aggregate = 1: 2.5: 5: 6.25 Water-cement ratio, flyash proportion of cementitious material and total cementitious material were assumed to be 0.4, 30% and 450 kg/m3 respectively Proportion of all ingredients per m3 of concrete is as follows: Cement = (70/100) x 450 = 315 kg/m3 Flyash = (30/100) x 450 = 135 kg/m3 Water = (1 x 450)/2.5 = 180 kg/m3 Fine aggregate = (5 x 450)/2.5 = 900 kg/m3 Course aggregate = (6.25 x 450)/2.5 = 1125 kg/m3 Slag-cement: The chosen fly-cement mix design is as follows: water: cement: flyash: fine aggregate: coarse aggregate = 1: 3: 5: 5.5 Water-cement ratio, slag proportion of cementitious material and total cementitious material was assumed to be 0.4, 50% and 450 kg/m3 respectively. The slag proportion has been selected based on recommendations of making mass concrete (Slag Cement Association, 2004). Proportion of all ingredients per m3 of concrete is as follows: Cement = (50/100) x 450 = 225 kg/m3 Slag = (50/100) x 450 = 225 kg/m3 Water = (1 x 450)/3 = 150 kg/m3 Fine aggregate = (5 x 450)/3 = 750 kg/m3 Course aggregate = (5.5 x 450)/3 = 1825 kg/m3 Comparison Between the Two Mixes Based on the two mixes, both of them are capable of attaining the desired concrete strength. In relation to heat of hydration, flyash-cement reduces the rate of heat generated when making and placing concrete, which reduces rise of concretes internal temperature (Thomas, 2007). During massive concreting, heat loss rate is usually low hence peak temperature rise depends on composition and quantity of flyash-cement used. Therefore increasing the volume of fly ash in cement reduces temperature rise of concrete. This is very useful in mass concrete because it lowers chances of cracking, which results from high heat gradients. Slag-cement reduces concretes excessive temperature rise that is related too risk of cracking and internal stress of concrete. Nevertheless, this is achieved by use of large proportions of slag (at least 50%). Construction of the bridge will require substantial amount of concrete to be made and placed at once and therefore the mix design used should reduce the large amount of heat that will be produced as a result of hydration process. In this regard, slag-cement is the recommended mix for this project. Design Considerations The location of this structure puts it at risk of sea water and/or chemical attacks, specifically chloride corrosion. These risks can be prevented by considering different design factors aimed at improving durability of the structure. Some of these factors are: Use of quality and adequate concrete cover to protect reinforcing bars. The concrete used should be of high quality, which also means low ratio of water to cementitious material. This helps in reducing penetration rate of chloride salts besides inhibiting growth of carbonation. The ratio of water to cementitious material should not exceed (National Ready Mixed Concrete Association, 1995). This can be achieved by increasing the amount of cement in concrete; using higher quantities of cementitious materials (such as slag); reducing the quantity of water in concrete by use of super plasticizers and water reduces. Most importantly is that the concrete must be properly consolidated and cured. Adequate concrete cover the concrete cover depth of the structure should be sufficient to reduce diffusion rate, porosity and cracks. This will reduce the possibility of chloride ions penetrating through the concrete. In this project, concrete cover should be at least 75 mm (Kepler, Darwin and Locke, 2000). Use of mineral admixtures these materials contain silica, which prevents chloride corrosion by reacting with chloride hydroxide. These materials also improve concrete workability and durability, and reduces heat hydration. Mineral admixtures that can be used for this purpose include blast-furnace slag, flyash and silica fume. Using flyash as a cement replacement has been proved to be very effective in reducing chloride carrion (Bargaheiser and Butalia, 2003). Flyash-cement mixes reduces rates of chloride ingress and permeability (Bouzoubaa and Foo, 2005), as long as the right proportions of flyash-cement are used and the concrete is cured properly. Flyash also boosts chloride binding, thus increasing the structures resistance against chloride penetration. Use of concrete overlays they create a layer of low permeability over concrete especially on bridge structures. These overlays will block chloride ions from reaching concentration levels that can cause corrosion. Overlays with low permeability also reduce penetration of water into the structure, thus decreasing mobility of chloride ions. Low-slump and silica-fume are the most suitable overlays for this project (Kepler, Darwin and Locke, 2000). Use of concrete sealers they reduce reinforcement corrosion by averting capillary action, thus inhibiting penetration of chloride ions and water into the concrete. Use of corrosion-resistant steel reinforcing bars. These bars have two microstructures. The bars are manufactured by adding elements such as nickel, phosphorous, copper and chromium, which create a protective layer against chloride corrosion (Sudhir and Anurag, 2012). Last but not least, it is also important to ensure that the concrete used has a design strength of at least 35 MPa with a maximum water-to-cement ratio of 0.4. These are the recommended values for any structure that is exposed to external chlorides and moisture (Portland Cement Association, 2016). Material Specification The main materials for this project are concrete and steel. For the structure to perform its intended purpose effectively, these materials should have desired properties and join flawlessly to create an integrated system. Several criteria should be used for material selection and specification. The selection for different materials is as follows Aggregates since high-strength concrete is required for this project, the aggregates need to be strong and durable. Their strength and stiffness should be compatible with cement paste. The most suitable coarse aggregates are those with smaller maximum size. Fine aggregates need to be coarser considering that the total percentage of fines in cementitious materials is high (National Ready Mixed Concrete Association, 2001). The nominal sizes of aggregates should be optimal so as to balance between the amount of cement used and overall concrete strength. Also, both fine and coarse aggregates should be measured by weight instead of volume so as to get more accurate results. Water this is a very important ingredient in concrete making. Besides using the right proportion of water, the water must be of good quality. It has to be portable so as to mix with concrete properly. Nevertheless, non-potable water can be used as long as the water (and its impurities) does not affect the properties of concrete. Cementitious materials all these materials should be obtained from reliable sources. Recommended cement for this project is Portland cement. Quality flyash should be used so as to achieve the desired strength and durability. Chemical admixtures the level of chlorides (if any) in these materials should be very low. The admixtures should also not affect useful properties of other materials when they react. Steel mild steel is the most recommended steel because of its high strength and durability properties. If necessary, the steel shall be specially manufactured by adding extra layers aimed at improving its strength and corrosion resistance. All steel components, including reinforcing bars, should have high strength, bond well with concrete, and have high tensile strain and have adequate thermal compatibility. Material selection is aimed at ensuring that the materials used for this project have adequate abrasion resistance, compressive strength, chloride ion penetration resistance, modulus of elasticity, scaling resistance, shrinkage, freezing/thawing durability, etc. (Caldarone et al, 2005). Most importantly, all these materials should be tested before being used. Fabrication Process for Main Steel Arches of a Bridge Fabrication of main arches is a very important process in this project. This is because the process will determine the ultimate characteristics of the steel arches. This process will take place before assembling the steel components to form one integrated system. The fabrication process of main arches starts with preparation. Here is where basic steel sections and plates are taken to the fabrication factory. The materials are selected based on the design specifications of the bridge arches. The suitable sections for this structure are plate girders. These sections comprise of a web plate and two flanges that have been fabricated together by welding (SteelConstruction.info1, 2015). Their design allows them to resist high applied forces at very low self-weight. On arriving at the factory, the materials go through shot blasting so as to achieve a clean and suitable finish for subsequent processes. This is followed by cutting of the materials so as to get the desired shape or size. The cutting can be done by circular saws, plasma cutting, and flame or gas cutting. The materials are then drilled and punched so as to make it easier for quick bolting and connections with other components on site. This is followed by an interesting process called bending, which creates the desired bends and curves. The bending can be done by section bending, plate bending, or tube bending. After bending, what follows is press breaking. This entails pressing the steel components along their length, for lengthier components. Thereafter, the components go through tee splitting (if necessary) then tubular sections are profiled so that they can fit perfectly into curved surfaces. The next and very crucial process is welding. This is used for preparation of joints on the components, which facilitate quick and accurate connections on site. The type of welding suitable for this project is submerged arc welding (Steel-Insdag, 2000). This process is effective in welding long steel structural components that are to be assembled to form high strength systems. After welding, the components go through non-destructive testing to check whether any unacceptable defects, including inclusions and cracks, were created as a result of welding. Lastly, fabrication process ends with hot dip galvanizing or paint coating. This last process provides fire resistance, corrosion resistance, aesthetic finish, and also saves time and cost on site (SteelConstruction.info2, 2015). All fabrication processes are done in accordance with design specifications of the components. Structural Steel Components Requirements The different requirements for steel used for hot dip galvanized steel components are as follows: Chemical composition the steel should be of particular grades so as not to affect the performance of hot dip galvanized steel components. It is recommended that the yield strength of steel should not exceed 460 MPa (ArcelorMittal Europe, 2010). This is largely determined by the percentage of carbon, phosphorous and silicon in steel. Mechanical properties these include elongation at fracture, reduction of area, uniform elongation, Youngs modulus of elasticity and tensile strength, which collectively determine yield stress of steel. The steel should be adequately ductile so as to avoid excessive deformation during hot dip galvanizing process. Weldability the steel should have good weldability so that the process does not affect its toughness and strength. This is usually determined by the purity of steel during production. Therefore the steel should be sufficiently pure. The fabrication process should also not have affected toughness or brittle fracture of steel. If these two factors are affected, the steel becomes susceptible to defects during hot dip galvanizing due to additional stresses. Steel components with finer grains these components have improved structural properties than those with coarser grains. The size of grains influences weldability and strength of concrete. Casting process used hot dip galvanizing also works well with steel components cast by continuous casting process instead of ingot casting. Additionally, the best components are those that went through refined rolling processes, including self-tempering, quenching and thermochemical rolling. The zinc coating used should also be of the right type and adequate thickness so that the hot dip galvanized steel structural components can effectively protect the system against corrosion. For this to be achieved, the corrosive environment has to be analyzed first before determining the most suitable zinc coating and thickness. In general, the following types of steel are suitable for hot dip galvanizing: plain carbon steel (below 1100 MPa), hot-rolled steel, cast steel, cold-rolled steel, weathering steel and stainless steel (American Galvanizers Association, 2015). Testing for Impact Characteristics To test the impact characteristics of the steel used in hand rails, various samples of hand rails would be taken to the lab for testing. These tests would be carried out so as to determine the resistance of hand rails to failure. This would be done by applying force(s) on the samples then measuring corresponding impact energy or strength. The results would provide impact energy or strength just before failure of the hand rail samples, which would represent the impact characteristics of the steel that was used in hand rails. The test that would be used is Izod test. This is a destructive test that would fracture the hand rails and determine their toughness or quantity of energy that the hand rails would have absorbed by the time they were fracturing. As stated before, this test would be done by taking hand rail samples to a materials testing laboratory. The values obtain would provide different characteristics of steel used in the hand rails. Some of these include: fracture mechanism, ductility, yield strength and transition from ductile to brittle, (AZom.com, 2005). The test would also help in understanding the static strength of steel, impact performance and/or resistance, post-breakage characteristics, and the amount of loads the hand rails can support. Thus it would be easier to determine whether the steel used in hand rails meet the requirements of performance standards, codes, specifications and norms. Specifications for Different Types of Steel There are four main types of steel, which are classified based on their composition. They include carbon steels, stainless steels, alloy steels and tool steels. Carbon steels are the commonest type of steel. Carbon steels are also sub-divided into different groups: low carbon steels (easy for shaping and lower hardness), medium carbon steels (strong, ductile and low ear tear properties), high carbon steels (very strong), and ultra-high carbon steels (extremely strong and more brittle). Stainless steels include austenitic, martensitic, duplex, precipitation hardening and ferritic stainless steels. These steels have higher ductility, work hardening rate, hardness strength, cryogenic toughness, corrosion resistance, hot strength and moderate magnetic response (AZoM.com, 2001). Alloy steels comprise of alloying elements, such as silicon, manganese, chromium, copper, aluminium, titanium and nickel. These elements manipulate the properties of alloy steels, including ductility, formability, strength, corrosion resistance, weldability and hardenability (Bell, 2016). Tool steels are usually suitable for making drilling and cutting equipment. They contain cobalt, tungsten, vanadium and molybdenum so as to increase their durability and heat resistance. Hot dip galvanizing is a very important process for increasing damage resistance of steel. Some of the specifications for this process are: the proportion of carbon, phosphorous, manganese and silicon in steel should be below 0.25%, 0.04%, 1.3% and 0.04% respectively; products to be galvanized should be delivered, stored and handled properly; coating applicator must be certified; the process should be done in accordance with set guidelines, the surfaces have to be prepared by pre-cleaning before actual hot dip galvanizing process, the actual process has to follow acceptable guidelines, the coating must provide acceptable adhesion and surface finish properties, finished products have to be inspected and tested, and damaged coatings should be repaired (American Galvanizers Association, 2002). For high strength bolts to perform optimally, they must comply with certain specifications. Some of these specifications are as follows: they should have high tensile strength, must undergo proof load tests and have high proof strength, full size bolts must undergo wedge tests, zinc coating thickness must be specified and checked if the bolts are galvanized, they must undergo rotational capacity tests, must be of the right property class, and must have high yield strength. References American Galvanizers Association, May 2002, Suggested specification for hot-dip galvanizing, Colorado: AGA. American Galvanizers Association, 2015, Design guide: the design of products to be hot-dip galvanized after fabrication, Centennial, CO: AGA. ArcelorMittal Europe, 2012, Corrosion protection of rolled steel sections using hot-dip galvanization, Luxembourg, ArcelorMittal. AZoM.com, May 16, 2001, Stainless Steels introduction to the grades and families, viewed September 30, 2016, https://www.azom.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=470 AZoM.com, March 17, 2005, Izod tests determination of impact energy using the Izod test, viewed September 30, 2016, https://www.azom.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=2765 Bargaheiser, K, Butalia, T, 2003, Prevention of corrosion in concrete using fly ash concrete mixes. Columbus, Ohio: The Ohio State University. Bell, T, August 16, 2016, Steel Grades, viewed September 30, 2016, https://www.thebalance.com/steel-grades-2340174 Bouzoubaa, N Foo, S 2005, Use of fly ash and slag in concrete: a best practice guide, Ottawa: Government of Canada Action Plan 2000 on Climate Change. Caldarone et al., 2005, Guide specification for high-performance concrete for bridges, Skokie, Illinois, Portland Cement Association. Institute for Steel Development Growth, 2000, Fabrication and erection of structural steelwork, India: Insdag.org. Kepler, J, L, Darwin, D, Locke, C, E, 2000, Evaluation of corrosion protection methods for reinforced concrete highway structures, Kansas: University of Kansas Center for Research, Inc. Larfage. (2016). Portland blast furnace cement (PBFC), viewed September 30, 2016, https://www.lafarge.com.my/wps/portal/my/2_3_B_2-Detail?WCM_GLOBAL_CONTEXT=/wps/wcm/connectlib_my/Site_my/AllProductDataSheet/ProductDatasheet+Exemple_1271136044673/ProductDatasheet+EN National Ready Mixed Concrete Association, 1995, Corrosion of Steel in Concrete, Silver Spring, NRMCA National Ready Mixed Concrete Association, 2001, Concrete in Practice: What, why and how? Silver Spring, MD: NRMCA Portland Cement Association, 2016, Corrosion resistance of concrete, viewed September 30, 2016, https://www.cement.org/for-concrete-books-learning/concrete-technology/durability/corrosion-resistance-of-concrete Slag Cement Association, 2004, Reducing Portland cement in concrete, viewed September 30, 2016, https://www.slagcement.org/Sustainability/Reducing.html SteelConstruction.info1, 2015, Fabrication, viewed September 30, 2016, https://www.steelconstruction.info/Fabrication SteelConstruction.info2, 2015, Steel construction products, viewed September 30, 2016, https://www.steelconstruction.info/Steel_construction_products#Standard_open_sections Sudhir, C Anurag, S, 2012, Application of corrosion protection techniques for durability of concrete structures A consultants perspective, RN Raikar Memorial International Conference Dr. Suru Shah Symposium on Advances in Science Technology of Concrete, pp. 265-268. Thomas M, 2007, Optimizing the use of fly ash in concrete. Skokie, Illinois, Portland Cement Association. Xir, Y, Shing, B, Xie, Z, 2001, Development of Optimal Concrete Design Mix for Bridge Decks. Boulder, CO: University of Colorado.